View with stone bridge, AlleppeyDescription:Photograph taken about 1900 by the Government photographer, Zacharias D'Cruz of the stone bridge in the town of Alleppey, in the erstwhile Travancore. . The town owes its origin to Raja Kesava Das, the illustrious Dewan in the latter part of the 18th century. Often called the 'Venice of Travancore', it is almost surrounded by sea and backwaters and the many canals that intersect the town, carrying 'vallams' or country-craft laden with merchandise. The port was opened in 1762, when Kesava Das built three ships for trade with Calcutta and Bombay, and was chosen
Alleppey No.1Description:Photograph taken about 1900 by the Government photographer, Zacharias D'Cruz of a canal scene in the town of Alleppey, in the erstwhile Travancore State. It is one of 76 prints in an album entitled 'Album of South Indian Views' of the Curzon Collection. This town owes its origin to Raja Kesava Das, the illustrious Dewan in the latter part of the 18th c.
pic taken by Travancore Palace Photographer of Bolgatty Palace, the Chief Residency of Hon. British Resident to Cochin[Trivandrum residence is near model school Trivandrum]
VIEW NEAR CHAVRAY [?CHAVARA].DESCRIPTION: TAKEN FROM THE CURZON COLLECTION, 'ALBUM OF SOUTH INDIAN VIEWS', THIS PHOTOGRAPH WAS TAKEN BY ZACHARIAH D'CRUZ C.1900 AND SHOWS A CANAL, SET AMIDST A COCONUT PLANTATION, ALTHOUGH THE LOCATION IS UNIDENTIFIED IT IS PROBABLY AT CHAVARA, NORTH OF QUILON (SEE MAP ACCOMPANYING THE TRAVANCORE STATE MANUAL (1906)). GEORGE NATHANIEL CURZON WAS UNDER SECRETARY OF STATE AT THE FOREIGN OFFICE BETWEEN 1895-98 AND VICEROY OF INDIA BETWEEN 1898-1905.
illustration from the magazine The Graphic, volume XV, no 385, April 14, 1877. Paddy cultivation in Travancore, famine in India : News Photo.
HAND PULLED RICKSHAWS WERE COMMON IN THE TOWNS OF TRAVANCORE AND COCHI N
Oh Riksha Vala ... (Odayil Ninnu - 1965)
coal -gas bus .coal is converted into coal gas ,by cranking the handle for about 15 minutes .the coal gas was used to run the buses in 1940-1945 during 2nd world war ,due to non availability of petrol
A TYPICAL CHEVROLET BUS OF 1940-1960 ,USED WITH PETROL ENGINE OR WITH COAL GAS ENGINE ,DIESEL,C.N.G,AND L.P.G WERE UNKNOWN THEN, |
After nationalising the oil industry in the 1970s by Indira Gandhi,Hindustan Petroleum H.P.Corporation Limited came into being from erstwhile Esso;and B.P.and Shell.(british petroleum ) became Bharat petroleum
below -petrol bunk ;to show handle for pumping petrol at back of the pumps
Trivandrum - Kollam routeThe first bus service was started in 1908 by a public company by name Meenachil Motor Association
"charabanc' bus of 1940-50-
TAXI-NEW YORK -1920-30-Taxi experience in New York City-
BELOW-STARTING CAR BY HAND CRANK -A USUAL SCENE ON TRAVANCORE STREETS 1940'S
INDIAN CARS AND BUSES WERE FIRST PRODUCED AROUND 1950
THE FIRST[ASSEMBLED] INDIAN MADE CAR -HINDUSTAN-1950'S
In 1949, the Morris 10, made by HM's British partner Nuffield, was driven out of the Birlas' Uttarpara plant near Kolkata as the Hindustan 10. In the next decade and a bit, its evolution (see box) into the Ambassador
HINDUSTAN ON WHEELS: THE MANY AVATARS OF THE AMBASSADOR
1949: Hindustan 10 and 14 The Hindustan Motors plant began rolling out cars modelled on the Morris cars of Britain. For instance, the Hindustan 14.
1949: Hindustan 10 and 14 The Hindustan Motors plant began rolling out cars modelled on the Morris cars of Britain. For instance, the Hindustan 14.
BELOW-1954: Landmaster
Looked like the Amby from the front but had a different back. Introduced the "trafficator"; 74 per cent market share.
1957: Mark I The Ambassador finally arrived as a sort of sleeker, souped up Landmaster. It defined the Ambassador's size for the next half-century.
1963: Mark II First of the upgraded Ambassadors. Followed by Mark III (1975), IV (1979), Nova (1990) and Classic (1999). Most Indians couldn't tell the difference though.
Premier Automobiles Ltd (PAL) was promoted by Walchand Hirachand, in collaboration with the Chrysler Corporation of the US. Plymouth Savoy 1956 In March 1947, the company began assembling Chrysler products: Dodge, De Soto, and Plymouth cars and Dodge, De Soto and Fargo trucks. Indigenistion started in 1949 with the manufacture of radiators, mufflers, springs, propeller shafts, shock absorbers, etc. In 1950 PAL entered into a collaboration with Fiat, SpA of Italy and started assembly of Fiat 1100 cars. Fiat 1100 Millecento was launched in 1954 In 1953, following the Tariff Commission report, the Government of India granted protection to the automobile industry, thus enabling Premier Automobiles to step up its manufacturing program with full vigour and, in 1954, the first Indian-made ‘Fiat 1100’ cars rolled out.
Fiat 1100D, which later became the much loved Premier Padmini had a long production run till 2003
In the early years of the automotive industry, more attention was paid to manufacturing cars than buses and trucks. The progressive manufacture of Tata-Mercedes-Benz diesel trucks
and buses in India began in Poona in October 1954, after Tata Motors and Daimler-Benz had tied up. And the next year Ashok Leyland began manufacture of its Comet trucks. Fords and General Motors, not confident of indigenising production, may have pulled out, but the Indian manufacturers confidently forged ahead. And the Indian Automobile Industry had by the late 1950s put down firm roots.
Tata's commercial vehicles 1954 Collaboration with Daimler Benz AG, West Germany, for manufacture of medium commercial vehicles. The first vehicle rolled out within 6 months of the contract. 1977 First commercial vehicle manufactured in Pune.
Jan 16, 2020 — http://pazhayathu.blogspot.com/2009/09/united-states-is-not-dirty-word-in.html; u.s.a. came to our rescue:- PL-480, or Public Law 480 is a law ...
The rupee was the currency of the State ofTravancore. Unlike the Indian rupee issued by the British, the rupee of Travancore was subdivided into 7fanam, each of 4 chukram or 64 cash. The Travancore currency was issued until 1949 before being replaced by the Indian rupee.
16 CASH=I CHUCKRAM
4 CHUCKRAM =1 PANAM
7 PANAM =1 RUPEE
TRAVANCORE -ONE RUPEE
TRAVANCORE- HALF RUPEE
ONE CHUCKRAM -TRAVANCORE
EIGHT CASH-TRAVANCORE= 1/2 CHUCKRAM
ID PEOPLE WERE CALLED "KAASINU
ONE CASH -TRAVANCORE
RUPEE -BRITISH INDIA -1940
One British Rupee was 28 and a half chakkaram and one sarkar ( Travancore Government) rupai was 28 chakarams. One chakaram was 16 kasu.
Title: Ariancavoo [Ariyankavu] TempleDate:[1900] ;c. 1900Creator:Photographer : D'Cruz, ZachariahDescription:Photograph taken about 1900 by the Government photographer, Zacharias D'Cruz of the Shastha temple, Aryankavu in the erstwhile Travancore State. The photograph shows a general view looking down onto the temple buildings at Aryankavu, situated a few miles west of Shencottah in Tamilnadu. It is a small village on the ghat section of what was the Travancore railway, overlooking the mountain pass zigzagging from Madura and Tirunelveli to Travancore through the hills and the forests. The temple dedicated to the deity 'Shasta', the guardian of the hills, was very close
TAME ELEPHANTS USED TO HUNT AND CATCH WILD ELEPHANTS 1876
Travancore branches of the South Indian Railway started in 1899-1900.
The railway line from Kollam to Punalur was opened for train services in 1904.
Kollam-Thiruvananthapuram line work was completed in 1917 and the line opened in 1918
first railway line was laid between Beypore and Tirur IN 1861
The Shoranur-Ernakulam line, opened in 1902 as a metre gauge line, was converted into broad gauge in 1934.
Tellicherry in the 1850.The British established their presence in Kerala in 1682, when they obtained permission from the Vadakkilamkur Prince of Kolattunad to settle at ThalasseryCricket
Sir Arthur Wellesly, later Duke of Wellington introduced cricket in thalassery, sometime during the last decade of the eighteenth century.[1790-1800] He did not have enough players in his establishment. He got his persons, dhobies who washed his clothes near the well in one corner of the Thalassery stadium, fisherfolk from their colony and many others to make up the numbers. It took more than half a century (1860) for the first cricket club, Tellicherry Town Cricket Club, to be formed.
Duke of Wellington[Sir Arthur Wellesly]Tellicherry fort
Pazhassi Kudeeram-a memorial for Pazhassi Raja at his burial spot in Mananthavadi, Wayanad, Kerala
ONE OF THE EARLIEST Cricket ClubS IN INDIA:-was formed in 1860 at Tellichery, keralaThe Calcutta Cricket and Football Club is known to be in existence by 1792, but was possibly founded more than a decade earlier.Sir Arthur Wellesly, later Duke of Wellington introduced cricket in thalassery, sometime during the last decade of the eighteenth century.[1790-1800]
In 1799, another club was formed at Seringapatam(SREE RANGA PATTNAM) in south India after the successful British siege and the defeat of Tipu Sultan. In 1864, a Madras v. Calcutta match was arguably the start of first-class cricket in India.
Photograph taken about 1900 by the Government photographer, Zacharias D'Cruz of a general view of the Ayur temple largely concealed by trees of the Kottarakara taluq in the erstwhile Travancore State. It is one of 76 prints in an album entitled 'Album of South Indian Views' of the Curzon Collection. George Nathaniel Curzon was Under Secretary of State at the Foreign Office between 1895-98 and Viceroy of India between 1898-1905.
Photograph taken about 1900 by the Government photographer, Zacharias D'Cruz of a river scene, the Kallar in erstwhile Travancore. It is one of 76 prints in an album entitled 'Album of South Indian Views' of the Curzon Collection. George Nathaniel Curzon was Under Secretary of State at the Foreign Office between 1895-98 and Viceroy of India between 1898-1905. The Kallar is a tributary of the Pamba river, one of the finest rivers of Travancore. The Kallr rises in the valley
Backwater, Travancore.-1900 [BEFORE ARRIVAL OF TOURISM INDUSTRY AND HOUSE BOATS]
Syrian church at Kottayam, Travancore State Artist: Bateman1835
Chengannur River [Travancore]--1900
1898-1905. The Kallar is a tributary of the Pamba river, one of the finest rivers of Travancore. The Kallr rises in the valley north of Chempazhakkara joins the main river a little above Ranni and the combined river now called Ranni leaves the forest area as a powerful stream 200 yards broad. It then runs west for about 30 miles when it is joined by the Manimala river and 6 or 8 miles lower down the Kulakkada river joins it and after a course
Photograph taken about 1900 by the Government photographer, Zacharias D'Cruz of a view of the Normal School, Trivandrum in the erstwhile Travancore State.The school was two storeyed with pitched roof and projecting dormers of carved wood in local style. When the Government of Travancore first established English schools it obtained teachers from outside. In 1894 a Normal School Institution was established in Trivandrum in the name of English Normal School. It consisted of three classes in which those who had passed the Lowers Secondary, Matriculation and F. A. Examinations were trained. The Government sanctioned two Normal Schools during 1883-84, one at Trivandrum and the other at Kottar for the training of teachers for Vernacular schools. The services of a duly qualified and trained teacher from Madras were secured to start the Normal School at Trivandrum. The School at Kottar was abolished in 1894, and the one at the Capital was amalgamated in 1900 with the English Normal School established in 1894.
Distant view of the Kannakacunoo Palace [Trivandrum] Photograph taken about 1900 by the Government photographer, Zacharias D'Cruz of the Kanakakunnu Palace, Trivandrum in the erstwhile Travancore State. It is one of 76 prints in an album entitled 'Album of South Indian Views' of the Curzon Collection. George Nathaniel Curzon was Under Secretary of State at the Foreign Office between 1895-98 and Viceroy of India between 1898-1905.
Description:
Dewan's official Residence [Trivandrum]Description:Photograph taken about 1900 by the Government photographer, Zacharias D'Cruz of a view of the Dewan's official residence.. George Nathaniel Curzon was Under Secretary of State at the Foreign Office between 1895-98 and Viceroy of India between 1898-1905. The Dewan is the Prime Minister of the Princely State
Travancore police
below:-"Boys of the Salvation Army Home in Trivandrum ;South India"1920
Photograph taken about 1900 by the Government photographer, Zacharias D'Cruz of the British Residency, Trivandrum. George Nathaniel Curzon was Under Secretary of State at the Foreign Office between 1895-98 and Viceroy of India between 1898-1905. It shows a general view of the two-storey building from the garden, with porte-cochère in the foreground
Colonel John Munro1812-1814 A.DHistory has recorded that Colonel John Munro was the greatest British Administrator of Travancore and Cochin in 150 years of British Dominion.John Munro went back to his birth place in Teaninich, Ross Shire in Scotland and lived there until he died in 1858. Munro Island[MUNROE THURUTH] IS NAMED AFTER HIM
Industrial School of Arts [Trivandrum]Description:Photograph taken about 1900 by the Government photographer, Zacharias D'Cruz of the Industrial School of Arts, Trivandrum.George Nathaniel Curzon was Under Secretary of State at the Foreign Office between 1895-98 and Viceroy of India between 1898-1905. A 'School of Arts' was established by the Travancore Government in Trivandrum in 1862-63. In 1872-73, a small establishment of carving in ivory under the direction of a Brahmin. In 1890, the School was named an 'Industrial School' and secured the services of two potters from the Madras School of Arts. A separate building was provided for the School. Later painting and photography was added to the Arts branch and a smithy to the Industrial br..
View of the Public Offices in Trivandrum, in the erstwhile Travancore.
The Cantonment [Palayam], the Public Offices, the residence of the upper classes, European as well as native, are all beautifully located on small eminences, commanding beautiful scenery all round. This later became the centre of rule of Kerala after independence. The Legislative Assembly was housed here until a new building was made near Palayam.
East entrance Gopura of Sree Padmanabhaswamy Temple, Trivandrum, in the erstwhile Travancore
This 9th Century Hindu temple is one of the greatest of Kerala and was the center of rule by the Travancore Kings for 291 years starting from 1700s. The temple Sreekovil, enshrines a large image of Vishnu, spread over three doors, and is built in the typical Kerala style. The surrounding walls and towers are similar to those of the Dravidian architecture of Tamil Nadu. The imposing gopura or entrance gateway consists of ascending storeys ending with a vaulted roof and reflect the contemporary Nayaka style of architecture. KEROSENE STREET LIGHT CAN BE SEEN IN THE TEMPLE PHOTO STEET LAMP LIGHTER
Lamplighter lighting a gas streetlight in Sweden, 1953. By this time remaining gas lamps were rare curiosities.
WHAT I SAW:- THERE IS A SECRET PASSAGE GOING DOWN FROM THE;FIRST FLOOR ; WESTERN END; OF KUTHIRA MAALIKA PALACE(SWATHI THIRUNAL MAHARAJAH'S PALACE).THE DIRECTION OF THIS SECRET TUNNEL IS TOWARDS PADMANABHA SWAMI TEMPLE -TO THE NORTH WEST DIRECTION .THIS SECRET TUNNEL WAS SHOWN TO ME AND OTHER VISITORS AS AN EMERGENCY ESCAPE TUNNEL.
IS IT GOING INTO THE TEMPLE? IS IT CONNECTED WITH THE GOLD HORDE IN THE TEMPLE?NOBODY SEEMS TO KNOW!!
536 kg of gold coins: 16 kg each of East India Company sovereigns and Travancore gold coins, 106 kg of Travancore Raasi coins and 3 kg of Napolean-era gold coins.
Three sets of crowns, including a centuries-old diamondand-emerald-studded golden crown, believed to be the crown of Kulasekhara Perumal.
Parts of a huge sacred drum made of pure gold,
in which the kings would bathe as part of Hiranya Garbham (coronation rituals).
An 18-ft Sarappoli golden chain, with 12 layers weighing 10.5 kg, studded with rare rubies and emeralds.
Over 1,000 Sarappoli chains and 2 kg of golden waist and wrist bands, and 100 kg of other gold chains and necklaces.
A Mahavishnu idol studded with over 1,000 diamonds and valued at over Rs 500 crore.
One tonne of paddy-shaped gold trinkets and numerous miniatures of golden elephants.
Belgian diamonds and rare Indraneelams (blue sapphires), emeralds and diamond-studded plates.
A golden broom weighing 5.5 kg, supposed to sweep flowers showered on the 18-ft gold-covered idol of Lord Padmanabha. Numerous golden coir ropes, one kg of golden human shapes and gold bars.
A 55-kg golden face mask and a golden idol of Lord Krishna weighing over 5 kg.
Day-to-day puja utensils in gold worth thousands of crores, including a huge golden hood, two golden lamps each weighing over 15 kg, a diamond-studded, golden thread and gold---plated-coconut shells to serve food to the GoD
TRAVANCORE{THIRU VITHAM KOOR KINGDOM] PEOPLE ARE SUPPOSED TO REMOVE THE CLOTH COVERING THE HEAD(HEADDRESS OR TURBAN), AND TIE IT AROUND THEIR WAIST BEFORE KING COMES WHEN KING COMES ALL ARE SUPPOSED TO BEND DOWN, FROM THEIR WAIST DOWN ,TILL THE HEAD COMES DOWN TO THE LEVEL OF THE WAIST-- AND--PUT THEIR RIGHT HAND OVER THEIR MOUTH AND COVER MOUTH;AS A SHOW OF RESPECT
THE KING SALUTING WHILE DEWAN STANDS NEAR-PLEASE NOTE THE PALACE SOLDIERS STANDING WITH RIGHT HAND OVER THE LOWER FACE , IN SIDE ,TO SHOW THEIR RESPECT
[photo taken at 'palayam' Trivandrum where the soldiers were stationed 1861]-NAIR PATTALAM(SOLDIER) UNDER BRITISH OFFICERS
[photo taken at 'palayam' Trivandrum where the soldiers were stationed 1861]
THIS TYPE OF COVERED BULLOCK CARTS WERE USED FOR TRAVEL AND BAGGAGE
THE BULLOCK CART DRIVER SLEEPS THE WHOLE DISTANCE ,IF THE ROUTE IS KNOWN TO THE BULLOCK.BULLOCKS KNOWS HOW TO KEEP TO THE LEFT SIDE -MUCH BETTER THAN MANY OF THE DRUNK HUMAN DRIVERS[THEN AND NOW] .THE LEADING CART DRIVER HAS TO KEEP AWAKE ONLY IF THE ROUTE IS NOT KNOWN TO THE BULLOCK..THE CARTS BEHIND DRIVERS ALSO ROUTINELY SLEEP BECAUSE ALL FOLLOW THE LEAD CART.
TO THE WEEKLY MARKETS-FILM-Phagun(1958)-Sun Jaa Pukaar (Asha Bhonsle)TO SHOW HOW FARMERS TRAVELED TO WEEKLY MARKETS-IN LONG LINE OF CARTS IN KERALA AND INDIA
[2]During the Travancore-Cochin elections,
POSTER PHOTO SHOWS NEHRU; BELOW- POSTER BELOW SHOWS BOX WITH BULLOCKS - WAS CONGRESS PARTY'S,CAN SEE IN THIS PHOTO,THE POVERTY AND DRESS ,MODE OF TRAVEL OF PEOPLE OF TRAVNCORE-AT TRIVANDRUM CITY 1950'S
MADRAS(NOW CHENNAI) TO TRIVANDRUM(THIRUANANDAPURAM)- 1950 IN 3 HOURS- THE FASTEST PLANE BEFORE JET PLANES CAME IN 1960'S-( 'DAKOTA'PLANE ) .THE ONLY FLIGHTDAILY; FROM THE ONLY AIRPORT OF KERALA IN 1950;STARTING FROM TRV: AROUND 12 NOON AND REACHING MADRAS/CHENNAI PAST 3 P.M (COCHIN NAVAL AERODROME WAS NOT FOR CIVILIAN USE THEN)
The Hindu's first step towards reaching out to a larger readership had
been taken by Srinivasan when his faith in the aeroplane had him using
the world's and India's fledgling air services to transport The Hindu.
Kasturi built on this and, in 1962, The Hindu became the first newspaper
in India to charter a plane to deliver its newspapers - an Indian
Airlines Dakota flew a Bangalore-Coimbatore-Madurai route and the cities
and their hinterland got a morning edition. The next year, The Hindu
made history when it bought four Herons. It became the first newspaper
in the world operating its own fleet of aircraft to reach copies to
readers over an extensive region. On September 29, 1963, the low-key
newspaper, on one of those rare occasions in its existence, patted
itself on the back with a front page picture and a vivid description of
the "unique event in the history of world journalism."
When The Hindu in 1964 augumented its fleet with Dakotas, it was able
to distribute the paper by air to Hyderabad, Vijayawada, Trivandrum and
Cochin. By the middle of 1965, the newspaper was able to stop its dak
edition. This was made possible by a splendid Circulation Department
exercise linking air, rail and road transport to ensure that the morning
edition of The Hindu penetrated deeper into the southern States,
reaching the target areas no later than noon on the day of publicationThe cost of supplying readers their daily newspaper using the
newspaper's own aircraft was, however, far too high. Weather conditions,
especially the monsoons, made deliveries erratic at times. A better way
of serving readers across South India had to be found. With technology
making rapid strides in a world capitalising on wartime inventions, new
means of transmission were being developed in the 1960s. The Hindu
decided to replace its airfleet with new methods of inter-city
transmission in the late 1960s. Kasturi, who spent much time on his
trips abroad taking a look at developing newspaper technology, was in
the forefront of taking The Hindu into the hi-tech age. The breakthrough
answer was the facsimile mode of transmission.
A TYPICAL DAKOTA PLANE WHICH USED TO HAVE ONCE A DAY SERVICE TO MADRAS(NOW CHENNAI) FROM TVM AIRPORT
Here we have a Simplex 35mm Projector Head. Inside by the gears was a number B-325-D. I believe this was used in the silent ...OLD-HAND CRANKED FILM PROJECTOR ,USED IN KERALA
This is the tune which used to hear in all the homes, a decade ago..
The Baroda Broadcasting station was set up in 1939.vThe Maharaja of Travancore set up a transmitter at Trivandrum in the same year.When India became independent in 1947 the AIR network had only six stations (in Delhi, Bombay, Calcutta, Madras, Lucknow, and Tiruchi)vAll India radio renamed as `Akashwani` since August 15th, 1957At first malayalam news had started broadcasting from delhi AIR division in the year 1949 and later in 1957 an independent radio station has started in Trivandrum solely for keralites..At first there was only one news bullettin and one station,in a small building behind present MLA hostel,later shifted to the present building in Trivandrum.1950-1990 Radio era:- INDIA had no music channel and LISTENED TO 'BINACA GEET MALA'FROM RADIO CEYLON(NOW SREE LANKA)TILL 1957
,WHEN INDIAN CHANNEL 'VIVIDH BHARATHI'STARTED
On 3 October 1957, the Vividh Bharati Service was launched, to compete with Radio Ceylon. Television broadcasting began in Delhi in 1959 as part of AIR, but was split off from the radio network as Doordarshan on 1 April 1976. FM broadcasting began on 23 July 1977 in Chennai, and expanded during the 1990s.
DD-Doordarshan - Vande matram
REGULAR TV SHOWS STARTED IN 1970'S,THERE WAS ONLY ONE-GOVERNMENT CHANNEL TILL 1991 WHEN MANY FORIEGN PVT: TV CHANNELS WERE ALLOWED IN INDIA
A distant view of the Central Jail in Thiruvananthapuram
Central Jail building before the occupation of being a jail served as the barracks for the Nayar Brigade, where prisoners serving short-terms were confined. These prisoners were locked up at night and guarded by Jail warders and brigade sepoys. A large number of them were employed in the making and repairing of roads both at Trivandrum and at Quilon (Kollam). Others in small groups, were made to work day to day for garden work in the Palaces, Hospitals, Sirkar buildings and Public Gardens. There was also a hospital in a seperate building, attached to the jail premises.
A view of the Chief Engineer's Office, Trivandrum in the erstwhile Travancore State.[LATER The College of Engineering, Trivandrum, . Founded in 1939, FUNCTIONED IN THIS PREMISES TILL IT SHIFTED OUT]
{Note:-.the long [ photo taken before electricity came to trivandrum city in 1929. it shows kerosene lanters and hand pulled punkah(fan)which can be seen on both sides as a long strip of cloth}
for a Fan Moved by Mechanism, 27 November 1830.A PUNKAH[HAND PULLED FAN] PULLER IS EMPLOYED TO PULL THE PUNKAH CORD ,FROM OUT SIDE THE WINDOW .THE MECHANISM IS SIMPLE:- HE PULLS THE CORD ENOUGH TO MAKE THE MADE OF, MAT FAN ;ALL THE WAY TO THE WINDOW AND THEN HE LET GO THE CORD TILL THE FAN GOES BACK AUTOMATICALLY TO THE ORIGINAL POSITION.
Christ Church and cemetry in Trivandrum in the erstwhile Travancore State WITH BURIALS FROM EARLY 1800 OF British army officers in charge of Nair Brigade soldiers of TRAVANCORE
FANS WHICH WORK ON KEROSENE-USED BEFORE ARRIVAL OF
KEROSENE FLAME REFRIGERATION BEFORE ELECTRICITY CAME 1926
Electric Supply and Telephone:
Application was made to the British Government in 1081 M.E. (1905-06) for sanction to install a line of telephone communication connecting Pehipppara with and Telephone. other principal stations in south Travancore. This line was taken over from the British Indian Telegraph Department towards the close of 1086 M.E. (1910-11) and a new station opened at Chellanthuruthi. It is now run on the one-line system.
the phone handle is to be cranked by hand for 2 minutes before it gets connected to the lady in the exchange;who in turn ask you to wait for her return call after contacting your desired customer .the whole process was tedious and time consuming
Manual exchange, 1955. Photo courtesy Marvin Hodges.The photo gives an idea just how large (and crowded) a manual exchange could be in terms of numbers of staff.
See more from the AT&T Archives at http://techchannel.att.com/archives Bonus Edition Introduction by George Kupczak of the ...
Till 1953 trivandrum telephone exchange
was old magneto system where the phone handle is to be cranked by hand for 2 minutes before it gets connected to the lady in the exchange;who in turn ask you to wait for her return call after contacting your desired customer .the whole process was tedious and time consuming
1951 The first commercial computer, named "First Ferranti MARK I," at the Manchester University.
The Trivandrum Electric Supply Scheme was put into execution in 1103 M.E. Mr. K. P. P. P. Menon, Industrial Engineer, was put on special duty from 1-1-1103 M.E. as an Electrical Engineer in the P.W.D. The Electrical Installation of the Trivandrum town including the major portion of the distribution mains was completed in 1104.M.E. On the evening of the 25th February 1929,
Mounting Blocks for Brass Switches
Fluted Toggle Switch Porcelain Based
the Silver Jubilee of the Sri Mulam Popular Assembly, the then Dewan, Mr. M.E. Watts, in the presence of a distinguished gathering, switched on the supply and informally opened the Power House. On the 8th March 1929 the supply to the town commenced with 541 street lights and two consumers.[MAHARAJA AND JUNIOR RAJA]
Missionary's wife with indigenous Christians, Trivandrum, India, ca.1900-1910
photo Description "Our Christian lepers in Trivandrum. Government Leper Asylum. Photo taken receiving their Christmas gifts and partaking of the Holy Communion which is always a great pleasure for me to share with them. (Bessie Osborne)." Bessie Osborne was the wife of LMS missionary, William Davey Osborne. They served together in India from 1893 to 1914, at Trivandrum until 1900 when they moved to Attingal. Trivandrum. Government Leper Asylum.1900
Photograph of the Palace, Trivandrum taken by an unknown photographer in the 1900s. The photograph is from an album containing views of various locations in India, formerly in the collection of Horatio Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener of Khartoum and Broome, (1850-1916), who was Commander in Chief of India between 1902 and 1909. Thiruvananthapuram, also known as Trivandrum is a large city situated on a series of low densely forested hills in the south of India on the edge of the Arabian Sea. From 1750 until 1956 the city was the capital of the kingdom of Travancore until the state of Kerala was created. The name is derived from thiru-anantha-puram or ‘the holy city of Anatha’ which is the coiled snake on which the god Vishnu reclines.
Chalai bazar,;{OPPOSITE FORT AND SRI PADMANABHA SWAMI TEMPLE-KNOWN AS 'KIZHAKKE KOTAH' AT TRIVANDRUM CITY) photograph taken on 1880-SHOWS ONLY RESIDENTIAL HOUSES .THE SAME AREA IS NOW ONLY SHOPS
Trivandrum in the 1930s ;SHOWING BATHING TANK IN FRONT OF THE TEMPLE AND KIZHAKKE KOTAH(FORT GATE ) .FURTHUR EAST CAN SEE THE CHALAI BAZAR ROAD. .THE MAIN ROAD(NOW NAMED M.G. ROAD) IS TO THE LEFT OF THE PHOTO AND CANNOT BE SEEN
MALAYALAM NUMERALS AND ALBHABETS
lone woman student going to college .dressed in typical christian fashion of chatta(white blouse) and kachamuri(white mundu).streets deserted as there were no city service buses ; cars very few; population itself was very low compared to now,no unions,no strikes. founded in the year 1834 by the Government of Travancore during the reign of His Highness Sri Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma, the building was completed in 1870 by His Highness Sri Ayilyam Thirunal Rama Varma Maharaja of Travancore. John Ross of the Edinburgh University was the Principal. This building still stands as the main block of the University College.
TRAVANCORE[NOW KERALA STATE] NATIVE TEACHERS-1872
SCHOOL BOYS AND MASTER-FEW BOYS GOT BOOKS IN HAND ; WHILE OTHERS ARE READING FROM'OLA'-PALM LEAF
Apr 20, 2011 — Preparation and use of the palm leaves(ola) The leaves have first to be dried in the sun, then boiled with herbs for an hour, dried again and ...
Maharajah Chithira Thirunal Rama Varma.TITLES:-Major-General His Highness Sri Patmanabha Dasa Vanchipala Sir Bala Rama Varma III, Kulasekhara Kiritapati Manney Sultan Maharaja Raja Ramaraja Bahadur, Shamsher Jang, Maharaja of Travancore, GCSI, GCIE
Photograph taken about 1900 by the Government photographer, Zacharias D'Cruz of the Travancore Maharaja's State Carriage in Trivandrum.. It was drawn by a team of six horses. In the background can be seen the gopuram of the Padmanabha Swamy temple.
The Public Gardens [Trivandrum]
Title:
The Public Gardens [Trivandrum]Description:Photograph taken about 1900 by the Government photographer, Zacharias D'Cruz of the Public Gardens in Trivandrum. The idea of establishing a Public Garden in Trivandrum was sanctioned by the Maharaja in 1859 and was to be accomplished under the direction of John Allan Broun, the Government Astronomer. Several interesting botanical specimens were reared in the garden from seeds and cuttings procured from Bangalore and other cities. In 1879, the Curatorship was abolished and the management of the museum and the gardens was placed under a Committee consisting of t...
Lake in the Public Gardens No.2 [Trivandrum]
Lake in the Public Gardens No.2 [Trivandrum]Description:Photograph taken about 1900 by the Government photographer, Zacharias D'Cruz of the Public Gardens in Trivandrum. It is one of 76 prints in an album entitled 'Album of South Indian Views' of the Curzon Collection. George Nathaniel Curzon was Under Secretary of State at the Foreign Office between 1895-98 and Viceroy of India between 1898-1905. The idea of establishing a Public Garden in Trivandrum was sanctioned by the Maharaja in 1859 and was to be accomplished under the direction of John Allan Broun, the Government Astronomer.Several interesting botanical specimens were reared in the garden from seeds and cuttings procured from Bangalore and other cities. In 1879, the Curatorship was abolished and the management of the museum and the gardens was placed under a Committee consisting of the ...
Lake in the Public Gardens No.1 [Trivandrum]
Lake in the Public Gardens No.1 [Trivandrum]Description:Photograph taken about 1900 by the Government photographer, Zacharias D'Cruz of the Public Gardens in Trivandrum.. The idea of establishing a Public Garden in Trivandrum was sanctioned by the Maharaja in 1859 and was to be accomplished under the direction of John Allan Broun, the Government Astronomer.Several interesting botanical specimens were reared in the garden from seeds and cuttings procured from Bangalore and other cities. In 1879, the Curatorship was abolished and the management of the museum and the gardens was placed under a Committee consisting of the ..
The Band-Stand in the Public Gardens in Trivandrum
The idea of establishing a Public Garden in Trivandrum was sanctioned by the Maharaja Uthram Thirunal in 1859 and was to be accomplished under the direction of John Allan Broun, the Government Astronomer. Several interesting botanical specimens were reared in the garden from seeds and cuttings procured from Bangalore and other cities. In 1879, the Curatorship was abolished and the management of the museum and the gardens was placed under a Committee consisting of the British Resident and three European members. In 1897-98, the institutions were placed under an officer called "Director of the Government Museum and Public Gardens". The Band-Stand shown here was re-built in the early 1900s.
BAND AT BANDSTAND -THIS WAS THE ONLY MUSIC AVAILABLE FOR PUBLIC BEFORE RADIO ,TV AND RECORD PLAYER WERE DISOVERED.USUALLY IT WAS THE POLICE/NAIR SOLDIER BAND .SOMETIMES SALVATION ARMY BAND ALSO PLAYED AT MUSEUM BAND STAND
Salvation Army Band 1920
National Geographic 1920, "A Home-Made Salvation Army Band in India: The Salvation Army...
Varkala.Description:Photograph taken about 1900 by the Government photographer, Zacharias D'Cruz of the Varkala Canal, in the erstwhile Travancore. Varkala near Trivandrum is known for the temple of great antiquity dedicated to Janrdanaswami and for its mineral waters. Springs gush out of the cliffs that rise abruptly on the beach. There are two tunnels close to the temple constructed at a great cost by the Travancore Government. One of them is nearly half a mile in length, bored through the cliffs linking the waterways on either side and establishing through-water communication bet.
Varkala Canal northen view.Description:Photograph taken about 1900 by the Government photographer, Zacharias D'Cruz of the Varkala Canal, in the erstwhile Travancore during Lord Curzon's visit to the State. . Varkala near Trivandrum is known for the temple of great antiquity dedicated to Janrdanaswami and for its mineral waters. Springs gush out of the cliffs that rise abruptly on the beach. There are two tunnels close to the temple constructed at a great cost by the Travancore Government and opened in 1881. One of them is nearly half a mile in length, bored through the cliffs linking the waterways on either side and establishi..
Varkala Cliffs. No.1Description:Photograph taken about 1900 by the Government photographer, Zacharias D'Cruz of the Varkala beach with the cliffs, in the erstwhile Travancore. It is one of 76 prints in an album entitled 'Album of South Indian Views' of the Curzon Collection. George Nathaniel Curzon was Under Secretary of State at the Foreign Office between 1895-98 and Viceroy of India between 1898-1905. Varkala near Trivandrum is known for the temple of great antiquity dedicated to Janrdanaswami and for its mineral waters. Springs gush out of the cliffs that rise abruptly on the beach. There are two tunnels close to the temple constructed at a great cost by the Travancore Government. One of them is nearly half a mile in length, bored through the cliffs linking the waterways on either side and establishing through-water c...
Varkala Tunnel.Description:Photograph taken about 1900 by the Government photographer, Zacharias D'Cruz of the Varkala Tunnel, in the erstwhile Travancore.. Varkala near Trivandrum is known for the temple of great antiquity dedicated to Janrdanaswami and for its mineral waters. Springs gush out of the cliffs that rise abruptly on the beach. There are two tunnels close to the temple constructed at a great cost by the Travancore Government and opened in 1881. One of them is nearly half a mile in length, bored through the cliffs linking the waterways on either side
Peermade was used as a sanatorium and hill-station by the European community in Travancore. A major centre of coffee and tea industry, it is believed to have been the residence of a Muhammadan saint, Peer Mohammed from whose name, Peermade takes its name.
Photograph taken about 1900 by the Government photographer, Zacharias D'Cruz of a view of the water falls at Courtallam, part of the Curzon Collection. George Nathaniel Curzon was Under Secretary of State at the Foreign Office between 1895-98 and Viceroy of India between 1898-1905. It is one of 76 prints in an album entitled 'Album of South Indian Views'. This waterfall is situated in a very picturesque scenery in the Western Ghats and is said to have medicinal properties. The main cascade is formed by a three-stage drop 91 metres high. The site takes it names from the Kuttalanatha temple, a Shiva temple which attracts many pilgrims.
photograph taken about 1900 by the Government photographer
Jubilee Town Hall [Trivandrum]
Zacharias D'Cruz of the Victorai Jubilee Town Hall in Trivandrum. It is one of 76 prints in an album entitled 'Album of South Indian Views' of the Curzon Collection. George Nathaniel Curzon was Under Secretary of State at the Foreign Office between 1895-98 and Viceroy of India between 1898-1905.
History of legislative bodies in Kerala-- Sri Mulam Popular Assembly:-http://keralaassembly.org/history/popular.html The first meeting of the Assembly took place at 11 a. m. on October 22, 1904 at the Victoria Jubilee Town Hallin Thiruvananthapuram better known as the VJT Hall. Subsequent meetings were to be held in the Capital every year soon after the Maharajan's birthday .LATER ASSEMBLY WAS SHIFTED TO THE HALL IN SECRETARIAT AT TRIVANDRUM
LD ASSEMBLY HALL INSIDE SECRETARIAT BUILDING. NOW AGAIN SHIFTED TO THE NEW BUILDING IN PALAYAM;BUILT OVER THE OLD PALAYAM(MILITARY BARRACKS)
Membership was limited to representatives of landlords and merchants. The objective was "solely to givethe people an opportunity of bringing to the notice of the Government their requirements, wishes or grievances on the one hand, and on the other, to make the policy and measures of the Government better known to the people so that all possible grounds of misconception in regard to the action of Government may be removed."The members of the Assembly were chosen by the Division Peishkars (District heads) from among landholders who pay an annual land revenue of not less than Rs. 100 and landholders or traders whose net annual income was Rs. 6000 or above. Each taluk got two representatives..A landmark change took place a year later when more than two thirds of the representatives were elected from among the people. The regulation granting the people the privilege of electing their representatives was issued on May 1, 1905. Of the 100 members, 77 were to be elected and rest nominated.However, franchise was limited to persons who paid on their account an annual land revenue of not less than Rs. 50 or whose net income was not less than Rs. 2000. Graduates of recognised university with not less than ten years of standing and having their residence in the taluk were also eligible to vote. There were general and special constituencies for this purpose.
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Central Jai[Trivandrum]
Photograph taken about 1900 by the Government photographer, Zacharias D'Cruz of a distant view of the Central Jail in Trivandrum. It is one of 76 prints in an album entitled 'Album of South Indian Views' part of the Curzon Collection. George Nathaniel Curzon was Under Secretary of State at the Foreign Office between 1895-98
Golf Pavilion [Trivandrum]
Photograph taken about 1900 by the Government photographer, Zacharias D'Cruz of a general view of golf links. It is one of 76 prints in an album entitled 'Album of South Indian Views' of the Curzon Collection. George Nathaniel Curzon was Under Secretary of State at the Foreign Office between 1895-98 and Viceroy of India between 1898-1905. View looking towards golf pavilion, with landscaped terraces and fountain in foreground. The pavilion has a roof designed in local style.
Alleppey[AALAPPUZHA] 1900- {NO HOUSE BOATS,NO MOTOR BOATS,NO TOURISTS}
Photograph, taken about 1900 by the Government photographer Zacharias D'Cruz, of the Tirvattar temple in the erstwhile Travancore State.The Adikesava Perumal temple pictured here is considered to be of equal sanctity to that at Trivandrum dedicated to Sri Padmanabha, though it is much older. The God Adikesava is said to have taken his rest at Tiruvattar after having killed an Asura, who had been the cause of immense misery to the world. He is represented as Vishnu seated, in contrast to the lying posture of Sri Padmanabha at Trivandrum. The temple is one of the largest in Travancore and with its large corridors adorned with rows of stone-pillars and excellent sculptures it forms a magnificent piece of ancient Dravidian architecture. It is situated on a high level and flights of steps lead up to its precincts from all sides. Photograph taken about 1900 by the Government photographer, Zacharias D'Cruz of a general view of the canal at Chakay, Trivandrum. It is one of 76 prints in an album entitled 'Album of South Indian Views' of the Curzon Collection. George Nathaniel Curzon was Under Secretary of State at the Foreign Office between 1895-98 and Viceroy of India between 1898-1905
Chakay[THIRU ANANDA PURAM BOAT YARD]
Photograph taken about 1900 by the Government photographer, Zacharias D'Cruz of a general view north from the bridge, Quilon
View east of the [Golf] Pavilion, No.2 [Trivandrum]
Photograph taken about 1900 by the Government photographer, Zacharias D'Cruz of the Golf Links, Trivandrum. It is one of 76 prints in an album entitled 'Album of South Indian Views' from the Curzon Collection. George Nathaniel Curzon was Under Secretary of State at the Foreign Office between 1895-98 and Viceroy of India between 1898-1905.
A TYPICAL KERALA HOME 1950--A WHEEL USED FOR MAKING ROPE CAN BE SEEN UNDER THE COCONUT TREE,WHILE THE WHEEL SEEN ON THE VERANDAH, IS- PROBABLY- A WATER PADDLE USED TO EMPTY WATER FROM RICE FIELDS ;;BY FOOT POWER(FOOT PADDLE PUMP)
PICKING NITS-WAS A DAILY SIGHT IN INDIA-PICKING NITS WAS A SORT OF SOCIAL GATHERING SIMILAR TO A MODERN WOMEN,S CLUB ;AT THE SAME TIME SAFE FROM THE CRUEL DICTATORIAL MOTHER INLAW/SISTERINLAW AND HUSBAND
Paddle-wheel or tread-wheel-used to pump out or pump in water into paddy fields,before electricity came to Travancore
These devices are, in effect, rotary versions of the simple scoop; however instead of one scoop being moved back and forth, a number are set around the periphery of a wheel,. Like the scoop a paddle wheel is only useful for very low lift pumping, such as flooding paddy fields at no more than about 0.5m height above the water source.
The simplest version is the paddle-wheel in which an operator walks directly on the rim, turning it so that it continuously and steadily scoops up water and deposits it over a low bund, . In its basic form the paddle wheel is not very efficient since a lot of the water lifted flows back around its edges. Therefore an improved version involves encasing the wheel in a closely fitting box which not only reduces the back-leakage of water but also slightly increases the head through which the device can operate.
Paddle wheels have been mechanized in the past, although they are unusual as water lifting devices today.
TYPICAL TRAVANCORE CANAL TRANSPORT [THOSE DAYS -THERE WERE NO MOTOR BOATS, HOUSE BOATS OR TOURISTS; ALL OF WHICH CAME AFTER 1950] MOST TRADE AND TRAVEL TOOK PLACE BY THESE VALLAMS/BOATS AND IT USED TO TAKE MANY DAYS TO COVER DISTANCES BUT THERE WERE NO POLLUTION OF AIR NO NOISE POLLUTION, NO ACCIDENTS,NO TENSIONS OF TRAVEL
Role of Pathanamthitta in freedom struggle The district can be proud of its rich contribution to the struggle for freedom.When Mahatma Gandhi visited the erstwhile Travancore in 1937, he asked his follower Khadar Das T.P. Gopala Pillai to spread the message of Khadi and Charka. Inspired by Gandhiji he founded the 'Mahatma Khadi Ashram' at Elanthoor 1941.He launched a scheme for mobilizing funds for khadi activities known as 'ek paise fund' in order to ensure the participation of the whole people in the khadi movement.
Azad Hind soldiers under subhash chandra Bose,marching against British army-2nd world war Rani of Jhansi Regiment 1943 –45.[WITH CAPTAIN LAXMI SWAMINATHAN AND BOSE] CLICK AND READ:-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rani_of_Jhansi_Regiment
The crew of the Japanese submarine I-29 after the rendezvous with the German submarine U-180 300 sm southeast from Madagascar. bottom 2nd left is the Subhas Chandra Bose. Date : 28 April 1943 ;and below Bose and Members of the Azad Hind Fauj in 1943's
Bose giving speech at Tokyo---- BELOW-Military parade of the INA at the Padang on 5 July 1943
n.Mahatma Gandhi
with soldiers of the INA, 1945. Photo by Kulwant Roy (1914-1984) and
photo credit : Aditya Arya Archives, Chairman & Trustee, India Photo
Archive Foundation.
Captain Ram Singh, who had composed the patriotic song ‘Kadam Kadam
Badhaye Ja’ plays the violin for Gandhiji at the Harijan Colony,
1945. Photo by Kulwant Roy (1914-1984) and photo credit : Aditya Arya
Archives, Chairman & Trustee, India Photo Archive Foundation.
[1]AZAD HIND:-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azad_Hind(READ) below:- pamphlets distributed from bomber planes by japanese army -&"death or surrender"-dropped down from Japanese bomber planes over India
BELOW- OTHER PATRIOTIC SONGS OF 1940 ERA SUNG EVERY WHEREFILM Kismet `1942 In the patriotic song, Door hato O Duniya walon ("Go away outsiders, India is ours"), penned by 'Kavi Pradeep',
a negative reference to Japan was used, Tum na kisike aage jhunkna, German ho ya Japani, this allowed it to get pass through heavy British censorship of the time though the people understood the hidden meaning and the song; backed by the uplifting score by Anil Biswas, it became an instant hit, amidst the atmosphere of rising nationalistic fervour , though the British authorities, soon realised their mistake, and wanted to ban the film, and an arrest warrant was issued for the film's lyricist, Pradeep, who had to immediately go underground, to avoid arrest (In travancore also this song was sung; by a freedom fighter; who jumped on a drama stage and sung but escaped before arrest) [CLICK AND SEE MOVIE -KISMAT-1942]
Coat of arms - Kingdom of Cochin
The 'Coat of arms' of erstwhile 'Kingdom of Cochin', seen at the front arch of Sakthan Thampuran Palace - a major landmark of Thrissur, Kerala's cutural hub. Thrissur was one of the capitals of Cochin Kings, who ruled for centuries before merging with the Union of India.
SUBHASH CHANDRA BOSE IN SINGAPORE -DURING SECOND WORLD WAR
HITLER and CHAMPAKARAMAN pillai Champakaraman Pillai-(September 15, 1891–May 26, 1934)-Kerala( Thiruvananthapuram) born Indian revolutionary; got a written apology from Hitler for saying Indians are incapable of self rule;killed in revenge by Hitler later- -
{Hitler said that Indians were still incapable of ruling themselves,1930’s he had become upset with Hitlers attitude about Indians, comments about color and other principles, especially those expressed in speeches and his book. Hitler had stated that Indians deserved to be ruled by the British and stated that they were not Aryans due to the color. Finally he chose to protest, in 1931, writing a complaint to him with a deadline for an answer. While many say the letter was addressed to the fuehrer, it was actually sent to the Reich Chancellor The reply of apology apparently came one day later than Pillai required. Pillai first wanted to send the letter dated 10/12/1931 to Hitler direct, after listening to his press conference words at otel Hotel Kaiserhof in Dec 1931, but then changed his mind and sent it to the Reich Chancellor {Heinrich Brüning ( 1885 – 1970) was Reich Chancellor of Germany during the Weimar Republic from 1930 to 1932.}
Pillai's secret name:-Many of the Indians were on the English secret service watch lists, they were all entrusted with special tasks and Pillai worked under the assumed German East African name Abdullah Bin Manzur. Swadeshi movement In 1924,Dr Champakaraman Pillai organized the first exhibition of Indian Swadeshi goods at the international fair held at Leipzig. Free government of India 1915 He had the privilege of beingPrime Minister of the Provisional Government of India set up in Afghanistan in December 1915, with Raja Mahendra Pratap of Kabul as President. However, the defeat of the Germans in the war shattered the hopes of the revolutionaries. (Below, the first Provisional Indian Government-In-ExileDecember 1915.in Afghanistan ) Berlin Committee(Deutsche Verein der Freunde Indien)requestedVon Zimmermann of the German Foreign ministry to get Pratap invited to Berlin
Raja Mahendra pratap singh:-click and read:-http://www.rajamahendrapratap.net/freedom.htmhttp://www.rajamahendrapratap.net/freedom.htm Provisional_Government_of_India1915- read:-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_India On the other hand, some documents list him actually as Foreign minister Pillai and the INA.Pillai was the forerunner of Rash Behari Bose and Subhas Chandra Bose in organizing an Indian Army abroad to strike against the enemies at home. In 1933, Dr Champakaraman Pillai met Subhash Chandra Bose, and they jointly conceived the idea of Azad Hind . But he fell a victim to the wrath of the Nazis. It is reported that the Nazis under orders from Hitler killed Chempakaraman by poisoning his food on May 26, 1934}Immediately before his death, he asked his wife to sprinkle his ashes in “Nanjilnadu” (Kanyakumari district) and the Karamana River in Thiruvananthapuram. His wish was fulfilled in September 1966.}The Indian Navy's warship, I.N.S. Delhi, flying the flag of Free India, brought Pillai's ashes to Cochin on September 16, 1966. IN CHENNAI THERE IS A STATUE OF CHAMPAKARAMAN .
BUT BIRTH PLACE -KERALA /THIRUVANANTHAPURAM CITY; STILL HAS NO STATUE OR MEMORIAL; EVEN IN MODEL SCHOOL WHERE HE STUDIED -(IF I AM CORRECT.)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A BRAVE WOMAN PATRIOT FROM PALGHAT ,KERALA - Lt Col LAXMI Swaminathan of the Indian National Army-CLICK AND READ:->http://pazhayathu.blogspot.in
Veteran freedom fighter Lakshmi Sehgal passed away at the age of 97. On Thursday, Sehgal was admitted to a hospital in Kanpur after she suffered cardiac arrest. A long time companion of Subhash Chandra Bose, she was a captain of Rani of Jhansi Regiment of Indian National Army. A doctor by profession, she was honoured with Padma Vibhushan in 1998. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
VOTE BOXES OF-'TRAVANCORE COCHIN'--(BEFORE KERALA STATE WAS BORN [1] P.S.P[PRAJA SOCIALIST PARTY][2] CONGRESS -[BULLOCK SIGN]AND ANOTHER PARTY SYMBOL OF LIGHTED LAMP--PROBABLY COMMUNIST PARTY WAS NOT VERY POPULAR AT THAT TIME?--AND THE VOTE GOES INTO P.S.P VOTE BOX--NOW P.S.P IS EXTINCT
A hand places a vote into a ballot box during the Travancore-Cochin elections, Trivandrum, India, March 1954. (Photo by James Burke/Time Life Pictures/Getty Images)
General elections in Travancore, the first based on universal adult franchise in India (Feb. 1948)Total seats: 120;Indian National Congress: 97; Muslim league: 8; Travancore Tamil Nadu Congress:14; Independents: 1;Communist party: 0.
It was in 1934 that EMS , along with other left-wing leaders of the Kerala Pradesh congress party like P. Krishnapillai, A.K Gopalan and Keraleeyan, formed the Congress Socialist Party (CSP) in Kerala. He was the All India Joint Secretary of the CSP from 1934 to 1940. he was one of the founder members of the Communist party in Kerala attending the Pinarayi - Parappuram Conference in 1939. He became a member of central committee of the Communist Party of India in 1941 and a member of the Polit Bureau in 1950. he was acting General Secretary of the party during 1953 - 56. Later he was the General Secretary of CPI(M) for 14 years.
[THE COMMUNIST PARTY WAS NOT POPULAR THEN ]-because C.P.I. OPENLY supported AND COLLABORATED WITH BritishIndian rulers during 2Nd world war just because Britain was allied withRussia.TILL RUSSIA JOINED THE SECOND WORLD WAR ;IT WAS CALLED IMPERIALISTIC WAR BUT THE MOMENT RUSSIA JOINED THE WAR ON BRITISH SIDE ; IT WAS RENAMED AS PEOPLE'S WAR AND PATRIOTIC WAR BY C.P.I.
whether similar secret arrangements:- Britain had with other minor Indian parties is not known but,R.s.s. the parent party of B.j.p. never took part in India's freedom struggle.;also Jinna's MUSLIM league never took part in India's freedom struggle .HINDU MAHASABHA NEVER TOOK PART IN INDIAN INDEPENDANCE STRUGGLE.DRAVIDA KAZAKAM PARTY OF E.V RAMASWAMI NAICKER (PARENT PARTY OF D.M.K. AND LATER A.I.A..D.M.K.) NEVER TOOK PART IN INDIAN INDEPENDANCE STRUGGLE.AND NOT JAILED;WHILE ALL CONGRESS LEADERS INCLUDING MAHATMA GANDHI WERE PUT IN JAIL BY BRITISH DURING SECOND WORLD WAR PERIOD 1940-1945 Reasons unknown. BRITAIN SUPPORTED THE FORMATION OF EXTREMIST MUSLIM AND EXTREMIST HINDU PARTIES WITH THE AIM TO CONTINUE THE "DIVIDE AND RULE"POLICY IN INDIA . THIS FINALLY RESULTED IN THE FORMATION OF PAKISTAN IN 1947 WITH ACTIVE BRITISH SUPPORT THE REMAINING EXTREMISTS, FORMED UNDER BRITISH COLONIAL RULERS, BETWEEN 1900 TO 1940 PERIOD ;-BOTH HINDU AND MUSLIM- IN AND OUTSIDE POLITICS ARE THE CAUSE OF PROBLEMS IN INDIA NOW.AS EVERY BODY KNOWS WHO THEY ARE ,THERE IS NO NEED TO NAME THEM HERE
LATER COMMUNIST PARTY WAS BANNED FOR A SHORT PERIOD FOR TAKING PART IN ARMED REVOLUTION IN TELENGANA.SIMILARLY R.S.S. WAS BANNED FOR A SHORT PERIOD AFTER MAHATMA GANDHI'S ASSASSINATION
Total seats: 108;Indian National Congress: 44; Travancore Tamil Nadu Congress (T. T. N. C.): 8;Socialist Party: 11; Communist Party: 25; Revolutionary Socialist Party: 6; Kerala Socialist Party: 1; Cochin party: 1; Independents: 12
A. J. JOHN,
ELECTION AS LEADER OF THE CONGRESS LEGISLATURE PARTY (44 LEGISLATORS), DEFEATING PANAMPILLY GOVINDA MENON BY A MARGIN OF 2 VOTESA. J. JOHN INVITED BY THE RAJPRAMUKH TO FORM THE GOVERNMENT AS LEADER OF THE LARGEST SINGLE PARTY IN THE LEGISLATURE
T. T. N. C. (8 legislators under A. Chidambaranatha Nadar) offers support to the Congress in forming a coalition government. (57 vs. 51 among 108 legislators)
Total seats: 118; Indian National Congress: 45; Travancore Tamil Nadu Congress (T. T. N. C.): 12;Praja Socialist Party: 19; Communist Party: 23;Revolutionary Socialist Party: 9; Kerala Socialist Party: 3; Independents: 6;
GOVERNOR P.S. RAU ADMINISTERING OATH TO PATTOM THANU PILLAI
His actual name was A. Thanu Pillai. Since he came from Pattom in Thiruvananthapuram, he was called Pattom Thanu Pillai. Popularly he was known as just "Pattom".
. He obtained a degree in law and started legal practise.After some days he gave up the practise and joined the Indian National Congress.He atively took part in the independence movement .Within a few days he became a good leader of the congress party.He was given the responsibility to lead the congress party in the princely state of Travancore. In 1946 he was appointed as the member of the constituent assembly of India.
Pattom A. Thanu Pillai played crucial role in drafting the constitution of India.After independence he was appointed as the prime minister of Travancore.
The struggle for a responsible government in the princely state culminated in the ousting of theDiwan,Sir C.P. Ramaswami Iyer. Sir C.P. left Travancore on 19 August 1947. After Indian Independence and before the formation of Kerala state in 1956, he became Prime Minister of Travancorefrom 24 March 1948 to 22 October 1948. After independence, the princely states of Travancore andCochin were amalgamated to form Travancore-CochinState on 1 July 1949.
As a PSP member Pillai became Chief Minister ofThiru-Kochi (or Travancore-Cochin) from 16 March 1954 to 14 February 1955. The State of Kerala was formed on 1 November 1956 and the first state elections held there in March 1957 and resulted in a Communist Party-led administration. Pillai was an MLA for Thiruvananthapuram II representing the PSP.
When the first Kerala administration fell in the onslaught of "Vimochana Samaram" (Liberation Struggle) against the Communist rule and after elections in 1960 Pillai became the second Chief Minister of Kerala as head of a coalition administration. He was in power from 22 February 1960 to 26 September 1962. In 1962, he became the Governor of Punjab. Later he was appointed the Governor of Andhra Pradesh in which role he served from 4 May 1964 until 11 April 1968
Branded a Subversive and a Wanted Man by the government, he was on
the run and went underground during the period of 1948-52, as a top
priority suspect in the infamous Shooranad Incident, with a Rs 1000
bounty on his head.
This drama propelled KPAC into the forefront of kerala cultural scene and played a historical role in popularising the Communist movement in Kerala during 1950's
Kerala People's Arts Club (KPAC) was formed in 1950.It was a cultural organisation with a political purpose,The brainchild of a group of youngsters - G. Janardhana Kurup, N. Rajagopalan Nair and K.S. Rajamani - associated with the CPI;
It was with "Ningalenne Communistakki" (You Made Me a Communist, 1952), its second play, that KPAC became a force to reckon with on Kerala's cultural scene.Thoppil Bhasi, a young Communist activist wrote the play under the pseudonym Soman.most of the members of the group had little or no prior stage experience,After the first show itself the play was booked for 36 performances. Overnight, an amateur play became professional,,Ningalenne Communistakki" made history in Malayalam theatre by becoming the first play to be staged more than 10,000 times
Gifted artists such as KPAC Sulochana, K.S. George, G. Devarajan, M.S. Baburaj, K. Raghavan Master, P.J. Antony, Kambissery Karunakaran, K.P. Ummer and KPAC Lalitha and poets such as O.N.V. Kurup and Vayalar Rama Varma, to name a few, were either associated with the KPAC or began their career in it.golden jubilee celebrations of KPAC were inaugurated in May 2000
eventually leading to the establishment of first democratically elected communist ministry in The World in 1957 in Kerala under E. M. S. Namboodiripad.
...[other reasons for communist win were :- common man got upset by instability;with many short lived cong: ministries ,many times central rule ;corruption charges against some ministers;semi famine condition;severe un employment;poverty among the workers; agriculture workers;small scale agriculturists;'paatta krishi' agriculture arrangement ;UNHAPPY DALITS ]
Poverty stricken farmers pulling an ancient plow through rice field-DAILY WAGES WERE JUST 4 ANNAS=25 PAISE=1/4 RUPEE/DAY''ELLU MURIYE PANI CHEYTHAL PALLU MURIYE THINNAAM''(IF YOU WORK HARD YOU GET ENOUGH FOOD) WAS A SAYING OF THAT TIMES[THIS UNHAPPY SITUATION WAS USED BY CPI TO INCREASE POPULARITY AND VOTE]
Poverty stricken farmers pulling an ancient plow through rice field. (Photo by James Whitmore//Time Life Pictures/Getty Images)Apr 1, 1957
Unemployed youths, many college graduates, applying for work as bus conductors. (Photo by James Whitmore//Time Life Pictures/Getty Images) VERY RARELY PEOPLE USED TO WEAR SLIPPERS/CHAPPALS ON FEET. WEARING OF PANTS/TROUSERS BECAME COMMON AFTER 1980
The protagonists of the accession drama, the Travancore raja and Sardar Patel, aboard a Devon plane in '50.(photo not available)[Travancore was in half mind to remain as free country without joining India]MAY BE SARDAR PATEL'S FIRM WORDS CHANGED THE MIND OF THE MAHARAJA AND TRAVANCORE FINALLY JOINED THE INDIAN UNION
[The present state of Kerala is made up of three princely states, Travancore, Cochin and Malabar. When the British announced their withdrawal from India, the Diwan of Travancore, Sir. CP Ramaswamy Iyer announced that Travancore would establish itself as an independent state and would not join the Indian Union.
bY. The action of Diwan aroused a bitter controversy inside and outside the State. Travancore was again in the vortex of a political struggle and the Government resorted to a series of repressive measures to meet the situation. One of the highlights of the struggle was a police firing at Pettah, Trivandrum, in which three persons including a student by name Rajendran were killed. A few days after the incident, an unsuccessful attempt was made on SirC.P.Ramaswamy Iyer’s life when the Diwan was attending a function in the Swathi Thirunal Academy of Music at Trivandrum (July 25, 1947). The Diwan escaped with minor injuries and very soon left the State for good. Immediately after this incident the Maharaja intimated, to Lord Mountbatten, the Governor-General, his decision to accept the Instrument of Accession and take Travancore into the Indian Union. SirC.P. Ramaswamy Iyer resigned the office of Diwan on August 19, 1947 and was succeeded in that office by P.G.N. Unnithan.]
Jawaharlal Nehru, who declared open the Indian Rare Earths Factory at Alwaye, Travancore - Cochin, is on a conducted of the factory. (Left to right) : Dr.H.J.Bhabha, Dr.S.S.Bhatnagar, Shri K.R.K. Menon, Shri Jawaharlal Nehru, The Rajpramukh of Travancore-Cochin and Shri Lal Bhahadur Shastri(with white cap).and chief minister A.J.John(R)(IN MUNDU)
BELOW:-
Medical College,Thiruvananthapuramwas founded in 1951, and was inaugurated by Jawaharlal Nehru, the first prime minister of India. at 8:00 AM on 27th Nov. 1951. This is the first ,oldest ,and most prestigious medical college in Kerala
1708-WAR ON PEPPERCOAST{KERALA/MALABAR}A battle on the Malabar Coast ("Pepper Coast") between the Dutch East India Company and the Portutuese, with "Nairos," Dec. 1661; Dutch ships are in the background; from 'Wouter Schouten's travels into the East Indies', 2nd ed., Amsterdam, 1708
A Malabar man(kerala) Showing tricks with Serpents* 1660'S
A Malabar[KERALA] Man and Woman* 1660
Vasco da Gama in Calicut, India, 1498 Vasco da Gama-CLICK ANDREAD-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama When we reached the palace we passed through a gate into a courtyard of great size, and before we arrived at where the king was, we passed four doors, through which we had to force our way, giving many blows to the people. When, at last, we reached the door where the king was, there came forth from it a little old man, who holds a position resembling that of a bishop [i.e. a Brahmin], and whose advice the king acts upon in all affairs of the church. This man embraced the captain when he entered the door. Several men were wounded at this door, and we got in only by the use of much force.
Queen of Koylang [Quilon] 1662,[NOW KNOWN AS KOLLAM TOWN]
Description of Umayamma Rani
The Dutch representative William Van Nieuhoff describes the Rani as:“
... I was introduced into her majesty's presence. She had a guard of above 700 Nair soldiers about her, all clad after the Malabar fashion; the Queens attire being no more than a piece of callicoe wrapt around her middle, the upper part of her body appearing for the most part naked, with a piece of callicoe hanging carelessly round her shoulders. Her ears, which were very long, her neck and arms were adorned with precious stones, gold rings and bracelets and her head covered with a piece of white callicoe. She was past her middle age, of a brown complexion, with black hair tied in a knot behind, but of majestick mein, she being a princess who shew'd a great deal of good conduct in the management of her affairs [15]
![[Travancore]](http://flagspot.net/images/i/in-travt.gif)
was driven out of the Birlas' Uttarpara plant near Kolkata as the Hindustan 10. In the next decade and a bit, its evolution (see box) into the Ambassador
Plymouth Savoy 1956
Fiat 1100 Millecento was launched in 1954 In 1953, following the Tariff Commission report, the Government of India granted protection to the automobile industry, thus enabling Premier Automobiles to step up its manufacturing program with full vigour and, in 1954, the first Indian-made ‘Fiat 1100’ cars rolled out.
Fiat 1100D, which later became the much loved Premier Padmini had a long production run till 2003
First Mercedes Benz diesel Truck ...
Plymouth Savoy 1956
Fiat 1100 Millecento was launched in 1954 In 1953, following the Tariff Commission report, the Government of India granted protection to the automobile industry, thus enabling Premier Automobiles to step up its manufacturing program with full vigour and, in 1954, the first Indian-made ‘Fiat 1100’ cars rolled out.
Fiat 1100D, which later became the much loved Premier Padmini had a long production run till 2003
British Nickel 1 Rupee, 1/2 Rupee & 1/4 Rupee (Obverse & Reverse)
British Annas
British 4 Annas, 2 Annas - Nickel & 1 Anna (Obverse & Reverse):- ABOVE
BRITISH 1/4 Anna, 1/2 Pice & 1/12 Anna OR 1 Pie (Obverse & Reverse)
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MMMMM
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Description:
![Residency [Trivandrum]](https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/proxy/UgVAICyfMbg3Sqa5NpPMlIp3AGWHgoTgOKPy4Rrrql_y6vzSpi5Rf8r80DNF6Q5SYBfaP8Y7R7uwB0esSnYCwWOWtJtfAB3wxM2b-kFtS_6NObrQjxDFGhf-dA=s0-d)
British Nickel 1 Rupee, 1/2 Rupee & 1/4 Rupee (Obverse & Reverse)
British Annas
British 4 Annas, 2 Annas - Nickel & 1 Anna (Obverse & Reverse):- ABOVE
BRITISH 1/4 Anna, 1/2 Pice & 1/12 Anna OR 1 Pie (Obverse & Reverse)
![Aiyor [Ayur] Temple](https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/proxy/s4qFWQ01WBsZv48znIbhOBD5D8IFVsGb_qTZT4xfNMd-e5MGofYSn9E0Dhpr65U-4AGYtlAVlxe2CdJktnVhbLr_C_udALgEGaNbeZ9ZwNxO7aNoiqobWqUxiw=s0-d)
![[ROYAARATTU.jpg]](https://2.bp.blogspot.com/_xQ24dGvRW4w/SZaDl-86aGI/AAAAAAAADDk/wjkXwWHndYQ/s1600/ROYAARATTU.jpg)
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![[ROYYAA.jpg]](https://2.bp.blogspot.com/_xQ24dGvRW4w/SZaFlx3GePI/AAAAAAAADD0/UY8RLD0bEsU/s1600/ROYYAA.jpg)
![[ROYAL.jpg]](https://3.bp.blogspot.com/_xQ24dGvRW4w/SZaETq2Y32I/AAAAAAAADDs/WCbvpUzk-uw/s1600/ROYAL.jpg)
![[a0.jpg]](https://3.bp.blogspot.com/_xQ24dGvRW4w/SZV_xIPvyII/AAAAAAAADCc/ljDXT8sAQKM/s1600/a0.jpg)
![[NNNNNAIR.jpg]](https://1.bp.blogspot.com/_xQ24dGvRW4w/SZVmghF3eEI/AAAAAAAADA0/epmbcyVuedo/s1600/NNNNNAIR.jpg)
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![Christ Church interior [Trivandrum]](https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/proxy/th9ncaJ4Nv4tq2dH6gWz3cbUyxdmX77C7jM1qWnQkUPcpJiPfBkUwrt8T6NEMyDeEEnUEi9rrCzwC1plxzztW2yahOmW5O_98hTQi79CYkCkqAHuQ-AId9QVwg=s0-d)
Missionary's wife with indigenous Christians, Trivandrum, India, ca.1900-1910
Photograph of the Palace, Trivandrum taken by an unknown photographer in the 1900s. The photograph is from an album containing views of various locations in India, formerly in the collection of Horatio Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener of Khartoum and Broome, (1850-1916), who was Commander in Chief of India between 1902 and 1909.
Photograph of the Palace, Trivandrum taken by an unknown photographer in the 1900s. The photograph is from an album containing views of various locations in India, formerly in the collection of Horatio Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener of Khartoum and Broome, (1850-1916), who was Commander in Chief of India between 1902 and 1909.
![H.H. the Maha Raja's State Car [Trivandrum]](https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/uYN5SYWDRBYNhR4Ru3XCComfd5DzcT4VVmowgUp_tPary83YOBdpMuebRd8p-FnlJUzYUTc-tRy4OfFRUGNLPR2StDGdr_TeBr1coxYEO0U0oCX4RKU-=s0-d)
![Band Stand in the Public Gardens [Trivandrum]](https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/proxy/kmVrOU0-ENeL0A7SwDx50619_yMM4JC2I1JpWAFQSWJoc-xzyBL9M4U3j3zLTsZfOR6XoMiBnodEc6lsteO_jMQje7zZ3wrEvxsC2O0N-qqVodcloj5eX1547w=s0-d)
![Peermede [Pirmed]](https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/proxy/VM8JwtYSDKIbxlkTj-raTORujvFecw8OHIc7G6P8yyNVhl64afJRi_QRraMB3gZMRhLiVLv8H8AAS3BkgutmBDx-EmxMxmA3bZinMx8zSsfbzonY_zh1QPNrWQ=s0-d)
![Jubilee Town Hall [Trivandrum]](https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/proxy/lNVZeJ6ZnpGUCg82K23q6iUVL_0gJUjVBS_uHj3eAs3vEDrQIFxqf3dyZXSKlDHnSQZo_ppABL1m2IbmgaCIHRN6hrEZFk9YP7FEGNXHrqcX_GBuK643dZMTLA=s0-d)
![Central Jail [Trivandrum]](https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/-pT3TRhE-SSHmKjMakwnDopDzMbjBtKbdPM9mNiYNIcIgQNUMwen4qCHH5C5IZs9pKA9aB2PRLpDkuqkKdxyE4ybSz9y0mSw4hiJbJ7LKAqma8IlV_DePqZxkw=s0-d)
Photograph taken about 1900 by the Government photographer, Zacharias D'Cruz of a distant view of the Central Jail in Trivandrum. It is one of 76 prints in an album entitled 'Album of South Indian Views' part of the Curzon Collection. George Nathaniel Curzon was Under Secretary of State at the Foreign Office between 1895-98![Golf Pavilion [Trivandrum]](https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/QAVPVnfY7Pknn4h7xXqbGqQTfEzO75ijsa_C8FeOhNrrOIM2zU9MtjHo2GmaT5N3mQx71uIOt9UMmaJe1TEcujOqid5USX_DJQWvT9i4gGh1aY6jGzL--JtcNw=s0-d)
![View east of the [Golf] Pavilion, No.2 [Trivandrum]](https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/proxy/Low95PAMSyBcCd1NWj4ZCrUBjhoIkOBzL3-JSd_DQeBV4ow9yE8frMYz2rx9jS3CBQeG-n_yMIMbt3_jDUFnIIXsJvNCfJ4l7TQn89pLZD-LykUaKn0YA2wyWg=s0-d)
![Bombay Photo Images[ Mumbai]](data:image/jpeg;base64,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)
GANDHI WITH NARAYANA GURU-CLICK AND READ:http://www.sreenarayanaguru.in/content/narayana-guru-and-mahatma-gandhi
BOSE WITH HIMMLER
Mahatma Gandhi
with soldiers of the INA, 1945. Photo by Kulwant Roy (1914-1984) and
photo credit : Aditya Arya Archives, Chairman & Trustee, India Photo
Archive Foundation.
Captain Ram Singh, who had composed the patriotic song ‘Kadam Kadam
Badhaye Ja’ plays the violin for Gandhiji at the Harijan Colony,
1945. Photo by Kulwant Roy (1914-1984) and photo credit : Aditya Arya
Archives, Chairman & Trustee, India Photo Archive Foundation.
Mahatma Gandhi
with soldiers of the INA, 1945. Photo by Kulwant Roy (1914-1984) and
photo credit : Aditya Arya Archives, Chairman & Trustee, India Photo
Archive Foundation.
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![THEN AND NOW: VOTE BOXES OF-'TRAVANCORE COCHIN'--(BEFORE KERALA STATE WAS BORN [1] P.S.P[PRAJA SOCIALIST PARTY][2] CONGRESS -[BULLOCK SIGN]AND ANOTHER PARTY SYMBOL OF LIGHTED LAMP--PROBABLY COMMUNIST PARTY WAS NOT VERY POPULAR AT THAT](data:image/jpeg;base64,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)
VOTE BOXES OF-'TRAVANCORE COCHIN ...
This drama propelled KPAC into the forefront of kerala cultural scene and played a historical role in popularising the Communist movement in Kerala during 1950's
